Toothache: common causes and when to seek urgent care

Toothache can come from decay, infection, a crack, a damaged filling or a gum problem. The location of the pain alone cannot identify the cause. A dental assessment is the right starting point, and certain symptoms need urgent care. [1]

Key points

• Toothache describes a symptom, not a single diagnosis.
• Persistent pain or pain with swelling needs dental attention.
• Swelling that affects breathing or swallowing needs emergency care immediately. [1]

What can cause toothache?

Possible causes include tooth decay, infection or an abscess, a loose or broken filling, and inflammation around a partly erupted tooth. Sensitivity, gum problems and tooth grinding can also contribute. A crack may hurt during biting or with temperature changes, but those symptoms do not confirm a crack. Some cracks are difficult to see, so an appropriate examination matters. [1] [2]

When should you seek care?

Arrange a dental visit if pain lasts more than 2 days, affects eating or sleep, or comes with pain on biting or an unusual taste. Contact a dentist urgently for cheek or jaw swelling, or fever alongside toothache. If swelling reaches the neck or area around the eye, or makes breathing, swallowing or speaking difficult, seek emergency medical care immediately. Do not wait for an appointment-request reply. [1]

What can you do while waiting?

Choose soft foods, avoid chewing on the painful side and avoid foods or drinks that trigger the pain. Use a soft toothbrush and clean gently. Ask a pharmacist or clinician about pain relief suitable for your health and medicines; this article does not select a medicine or dose for you. Temporary comfort measures do not treat the underlying cause. [1]

Preparing for your assessment

Note when the pain began, its triggers and whether it occurs spontaneously or during chewing. Mention swelling, recent dental treatment or an injury. Bring your medicine and allergy information. The dentist may examine the teeth and gums and use X-rays or other tests when appropriate. The findings guide the treatment plan. [3]

Frequently asked questions

Does toothache always mean an extraction?

No. Treatment depends on the cause and whether the tooth can be restored. A badly damaged tooth may need different options. [2]

Can a description of the pain identify the problem?

It helps the dentist ask useful questions, but cannot replace an examination. Similar symptoms in two people can have different causes.

Should I wait for my routine check-up?

Contact the dental team about new or persistent pain rather than waiting. Explain any swelling or urgent symptoms to reception instead of sending only a general booking message.